![]() This formula applies to elementary particles and small charged objects as longas their sizes are much less than the distance between them.įigure 22.1. 0 is he permittivity constant: 0 =8.85 x 10 -12 C 2/(N. R is the distance between particle 1 and particle 2 (see Figure 22.1) ![]() Q 1 and q 2 are the charges of particle 1 and particle 2,respectively Electric charges of the building blocks of atoms The direction of theforce is along the line joining the particles. " The magnitude of the electric force that a particle exerts on anotherparticle is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inverselyproportional to the square of the distance between them. ![]() The precise magnitude of the electric force that a charged particle exerts onanother is given by Coulomb's law: Since atoms are neutral, the number of electronsmust be equal to the number of protons. Detailed measurements have shown thatthe magnitude of the charge of the proton is exactly equal to the magnitude ofthe charge of the electron. The electric charge of electrons, protonsand neutrons are listed in Table 22.2. Per definition, the electric charge on a glassrod rubbed with silk is positive. The electric charge can benegative, zero, or positive. The unit ofelectric charge q is the Coulomb (C). Instead,it depends on a new quantity: the electric charge. This impliesthat the electric force does not depend on the mass of the particle. The attractive force between the electronsand the nucleus is called the electric force.Įxperiments have shown that the electric force between two objects isproportional to the inverse square of the distance between the two objects.The electric force between two electrons is the same as the electric forcebetween two protons when they are placed as the same distance. Measurements of the velocity of theorbital electrons in an atom have shown that the attractive force between theelectrons and the nucleus is significantly stronger than the gravitationalforce between these two objects. In P121 it was shown that anobject can only carry out circular motion if a radial force (directed towardsthe center of the circle) is present. The electrons are contained in a roughly spherical regionwith a diameter of about 2 x 10 -10 m. The diameter of the nucleus is between 10 -15 and10 -14 m. Mostof the mass of the atom is due to the mass of the nucleus. Themasses of the electrons, protons and neutrons are listed in Table 22.1. Each atom consists of a nucleus,consisting of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a number of electrons. Charge Quantization and Charge Conservation Protons and electrons have opposite electrical charges.ELECTRIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC CHARGE CHAPTER 22 Since a nucleus contains protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. The mass of electrons is very small compared to protons and neutrons. The relative mass of a proton is 1, and a particle with a relative mass smaller than 1 has less mass. Instead of writing their actual masses in kilograms, their relative masses are used. The masses of subatomic particles are very tiny. The nuclei of all atoms contain subatomic particles called protons and most also contain neutrons. most of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus.the radius of a nucleus can be 100,000 times less than the radius of an atom.as electrons are even smaller, most of an atom is empty space.The nucleus is very small compared to the atom as a whole: The current model of an atom has a positively charged central nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons arranged in shells. ![]()
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